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이름 | 제공 업체 | 목적 | 최대 보관 기간 | 유형 |
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__lc_cid | LiveChat | 웹사이트의 채팅 박스 기능을 목적으로 필요로 함. | 400 일 | HTTP 쿠키 |
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li_gc | Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain | 180 일 | HTTP 쿠키 | |
AWSALB [x2] | sealserver.trustwave.com www.edmundoptics.co.kr | Registers which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience. | 7 일 | HTTP 쿠키 |
AWSALBCORS [x2] | sealserver.trustwave.com www.edmundoptics.co.kr | Registers which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience. | 7 일 | HTTP 쿠키 |
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mtv1Pulse | service.mtcaptcha.com | https://www.mtcaptcha.com/faq-cookie-declaration | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
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CookieConsent | Cookiebot | Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain | 1 년 | HTTP 쿠키 |
UMB_SESSION | www.edmundoptics.co.kr | Stores domain prefix to determine whether it holds https or http URL properties. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
이름 | 제공 업체 | 목적 | 최대 보관 기간 | 유형 |
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__oauth_redirect_detector | LiveChat | Allows the website to recoqnise the visitor, in order to optimize the chat-box functionality. | 1 일 | HTTP 쿠키 |
@@lc_auth_token:3b0f44ba-5eb5-4bb1-a9e1-2214776a186b | Livechat | 미결 | 영구 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
@@lc_ids | Livechat | Identifies the visitor across devices and visits, in order to optimize the chat-box function on the website. | 영구 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
이름 | 제공 업체 | 목적 | 최대 보관 기간 | 유형 |
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_livechat_has_visited | Livechat | Identifies the visitor across devices and visits, in order to optimize the chat-box function on the website. | 영구 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
_ga [x2] | Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website. | 25 월 | HTTP 쿠키 | |
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이름 | 제공 업체 | 목적 | 최대 보관 기간 | 유형 |
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__tld__ [x2] | Wisepops | Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
_fbp [x2] | Meta Platforms, Inc. | Used by Facebook to deliver a series of advertisement products such as real time bidding from third party advertisers. | 3 월 | HTTP 쿠키 |
_gcl_au [x2] | Used by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency across websites using their services. | 3 월 | HTTP 쿠키 | |
lastExternalReferrer | Meta Platforms, Inc. | Detects how the user reached the website by registering their last URL-address. | 영구 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
lastExternalReferrerTime | Meta Platforms, Inc. | Detects how the user reached the website by registering their last URL-address. | 영구 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
IDE | 광고의 유효성을 측정하기 위한 목적으로 광고주의 광고 중 하나를 보거나 클릭한 후 웹사이트 사용자의 행동을 등록 및 보고하고 사용자에게 표적 광고를 제시하기 위해 Google DoubleClick에 사용됨. | 400 일 | HTTP 쿠키 | |
pagead/landing [x2] | Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement. | 세션 | 픽셀 트래커 | |
test_cookie | 사용자의 브라우저가 쿠키를 지원하는지 여부를 확인하는 데 사용됨. | 1 일 | HTTP 쿠키 | |
_mkto_trk | Marketo | 방문자의 행동과 웹사이트 상호 작용에 관한 데이터를 포함함. 이는 웹사이트가 이메일을 통해 방문자를 추적할 수 있도록 하는 이메일 마케팅 서비스인 Marketo.com과 관련하여 사용됩니다. | 2 년 | HTTP 쿠키 |
wisepops [x2] | Wisepops | 웹사이트의 팝업 광고 컨텐츠 문구에 사용됩니다. 쿠키는 동일한 동일한 광고를 의도한 것 이상으로 홍보하지 않도록 보장할 뿐만 아니라 방문자에게 어떠한 광보를 보여줘야 할지를 결정합니다. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
wisepops_props [x2] | Wisepops | 웹사이트의 팝업 광고 컨텐츠 문구에 사용됩니다. 쿠키는 동일한 동일한 광고를 의도한 것 이상으로 홍보하지 않도록 보장할 뿐만 아니라 방문자에게 어떠한 광보를 보여줘야 할지를 결정합니다. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
wisepops_session [x2] | Wisepops | 웹사이트의 팝업 광고 컨텐츠 문구에 사용됩니다. 쿠키는 동일한 동일한 광고를 의도한 것 이상으로 홍보하지 않도록 보장할 뿐만 아니라 방문자에게 어떠한 광보를 보여줘야 할지를 결정합니다. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
wisepops_visitor [x2] | Wisepops | Used in context with pop-up advertisement-content on the website. The cookie determines which ads the visitor should be shown, as well as ensuring that the same ads does not get shown more than intended. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
wisepops_visits [x2] | Wisepops | 웹사이트의 팝업 광고 컨텐츠 문구에 사용됩니다. 쿠키는 동일한 동일한 광고를 의도한 것 이상으로 홍보하지 않도록 보장할 뿐만 아니라 방문자에게 어떠한 광보를 보여줘야 할지를 결정합니다. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
NID | 재유입 사용자의 기기를 식별하는 고유의 ID를 등록함. 이 ID는 표적 광고를 위해 사용됩니다. | 6 월 | HTTP 쿠키 | |
pagead/1p-user-list/# | Tracks if the user has shown interest in specific products or events across multiple websites and detects how the user navigates between sites. This is used for measurement of advertisement efforts and facilitates payment of referral-fees between websites. | 세션 | 픽셀 트래커 | |
1.gif | Usercentrics GmbH | Used to count the number of sessions to the website, necessary for optimizing CMP product delivery. | 세션 | 픽셀 트래커 |
bcookie | 임베디드 서비스 사용을 추적하기 위해 소셜 네트워크 서비스인 LinkedIn에 사용됨. | 1 년 | HTTP 쿠키 | |
lidc | 임베디드 서비스 사용을 추적하기 위해 소셜 네트워크 서비스인 LinkedIn에 사용됨. | 1 일 | HTTP 쿠키 | |
wisepops_session_id | Wisepops | Used in context with pop-up advertisement-content on the website. The cookie determines which ads the visitor should be shown, as well as ensuring that the same ads does not get shown more than intended. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
wisepops_session_landing_url | Wisepops | Used in context with pop-up advertisement-content on the website. The cookie determines which ads the visitor should be shown, as well as ensuring that the same ads does not get shown more than intended. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
wisepops_session_referrer | Wisepops | Used in context with pop-up advertisement-content on the website. The cookie determines which ads the visitor should be shown, as well as ensuring that the same ads does not get shown more than intended. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
wisepops-pageview_id | Wisepops | Used in context with pop-up advertisement-content on the website. The cookie determines which ads the visitor should be shown, as well as ensuring that the same ads does not get shown more than intended. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
wisepops-uses-attention | Wisepops | Used in context with pop-up advertisement-content on the website. The cookie determines which ads the visitor should be shown, as well as ensuring that the same ads does not get shown more than intended. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
#-# | YouTube | Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
511422-22d53b02 | YouTube | 미결 | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
da8c92-4db6ad13 | YouTube | 미결 | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
iU5q-!O9@$ | YouTube | Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY | YouTube | Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
LogsDatabaseV2:V#||LogsRequestsStore | YouTube | Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video | 영구 | IndexedDB |
nextId | YouTube | Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
remote_sid | YouTube | Necessary for the implementation and functionality of YouTube video-content on the website. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
requests | YouTube | Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
ServiceWorkerLogsDatabase#SWHealthLog | YouTube | Necessary for the implementation and functionality of YouTube video-content on the website. | 영구 | IndexedDB |
TESTCOOKIESENABLED | YouTube | Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content. | 1 일 | HTTP 쿠키 |
VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE | YouTube | 유튜브 비디오가 통합된 페이지 상에서 사용자의 대역폭을 추정함. | 180 일 | HTTP 쿠키 |
YSC | YouTube | 사용자가 시청한 유튜브 동영상에 관한 통계를 보관하기 위해 고유의 ID를 등록함. | 세션 | HTTP 쿠키 |
yt.innertube::nextId | YouTube | Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen. | 영구 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
yt.innertube::requests | YouTube | Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen. | 영구 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY | YouTube | Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video | 영구 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
YtIdbMeta#databases | YouTube | Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content. | 영구 | IndexedDB |
yt-remote-cast-available | YouTube | Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
yt-remote-cast-installed | YouTube | 내장된 유튜브 비디오를 사용해 사용자의 비디오 플레이어 환경 설정을 저장함. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
yt-remote-connected-devices | YouTube | 내장된 유튜브 비디오를 사용해 사용자의 비디오 플레이어 환경 설정을 저장함. | 영구 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
yt-remote-device-id | YouTube | 내장된 유튜브 비디오를 사용해 사용자의 비디오 플레이어 환경 설정을 저장함. | 영구 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
yt-remote-fast-check-period | YouTube | 내장된 유튜브 비디오를 사용해 사용자의 비디오 플레이어 환경 설정을 저장함. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
yt-remote-session-app | YouTube | 내장된 유튜브 비디오를 사용해 사용자의 비디오 플레이어 환경 설정을 저장함. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
yt-remote-session-name | YouTube | 내장된 유튜브 비디오를 사용해 사용자의 비디오 플레이어 환경 설정을 저장함. | 세션 | HTML 로컬 스토리지 |
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by Rebecca Charboneau
The future of eye care depends on laser optics.
A refractive error is a very common eye disorder where the eye cannot properly focus an image on the retina, or focal point, at the back of the eye (Figure 1). Common types of refractive errors include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. There are more than 88.4 million people that have a refractive error resulting in blurred vision.1 Fortunately, modern technology has allowed for the invention of laser eye surgery to correct refractive errors. The optically transparent structures of the eye allow for the delivery of a laser beam from ultraviolet (UV) to near infrared (NIR) wavelengths to noninvasively alter ophthalmic tissue.2
The most common form of laser eye surgery to correct vision is laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, commonly referred to as LASIK. LASIK involves using an excimer laser to reshape the eye’s cornea to correct for common refractive errors. Excimer lasers are pulsed gas lasers that emit UV light through the stimulated emission of the gas molecules, like F2 or ArF, within the laser cavity. The excimer laser is able to ablate layers of the cornea that are microns thick to reshape the cornea and correct for refractive errors.
Figure 2 shows an optical path of a LASIK surgical device that utilizes an excimer laser and a femtosecond laser for correcting refractive errors. For the ultrafast laser, a fiber-coupled source with pulse durations between 100-800 fs and wavelength of 1064 nm is typical for LASIK devices. The ultrafast beam first passes through a transmission grating to compress the stretched pulse to ensure peak power is maintained. Then the beam is reflected into a beam expander before being sent through an F-theta lens for focusing onto a patient’s eye to create the cornea flap. Once the flap is created, the excimer laser is delivered to the patient’s eye by first being reflected off a mirror through a homogenizer, which can be a flat top laser beam shaper. The homogenizer modifies the beam to maintain consistent optical intensity before passing through a beam shaping assembly. A dichroic filter is used to then reflect the UV excimer beam through a focusing lens to ablate the cornea.
The most prevalent ocular disease and major cause of blindness in the world is cataract.3 Impaired vision from cataract is caused by protein clumps or discolored pigment that are deposited in the lens of the eye, reducing the transmission of light to the retina (Figure 3). Cataract is treated effectively through surgical laser procedures that are used to replace the clouded lenses with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). In order to replace the lens, the existing lens must be fragmented and removed to make space for the IOL implant. Lens fragmentation can be accomplished by an ultrafast laser that precisely controls the output power and beam delivery to safely break up the clouded lens.
Common femtosecond lasers used in cataract surgical devices are solid-state lasers such as neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), erbium-doped YAG (Er:YAG), or titanium-sapphire (Ti:Sapphire) lasers. In order to accurately control the power of ultrafast laser pulses, the laser needs to be coupled with precise, fast-deflecting, focusing optics which are guided by imaging systems that use optical coherence tomography (OCT). Figure 4 below demonstrates the optical path of a cataract surgical device that uses a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser. The ultrafast laser has a typical pulse length of 100fs to 1000fs and potential wavelengths of ~800nm, 1030nm, or 1064nm depending on the source. The beam passes through a scanning lens system that contains aspheric elements to reduce spherical aberration and maintain beam quality. After propagation through galvanometric mirrors for deflection, the laser passes through a beamsplitter where a portion of the light is directed to the OCT system for beam positioning. Aspheres are used to concentrate the beam for lens fragmentation. Compared to a LASIK device, the diameter of the laser focus spot is larger for cataract surgery to provide adequate photodysruption.4
Another ocular disease that can be treated with a similar system is glaucoma. Glaucoma is a degenerative disease that damages the optic nerve through the loss of retinal ganglion cells.5 As ganglion cells are damaged, gradual vision loss occurs as communication to the optic nerve is cut off.5 Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) is the preferred treatment for glaucoma; SLT uses a 532nm frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser to deliver nanosecond pulses to widen drainage channels in the trabecular meshwork for eye pressure relief. A notable variation to the optical path of an SLT system is the use of nonlinear crystals to generate 532nm from a 1064nm laser source. This method is preferred compared to using just a 532nm source because it stabilizes the energy of each laser pulse to ensure minimal damage to adjacent retinal tissue.6
Laser eye surgery is also used to treat diabetic retinopathy. This disease is induced by high blood sugar levels that cause damage to blood vessels in the retina.7 Retinal damage is caused by swelling or leaky blood vessels and, as a result, can cause vision loss (Figure 5). Laser photocoagulation is the first-line therapy for treating diabetic retinopathy to prevent the formation of unwanted blood vessels and shrink any leaking vessels. Visible (VIS) or NIR wavelength gas, diode, dye, and YAG lasers are used in laser photocoagulation. Unlike LASIK and cataract surgical lasers, ultrafast lasers are not typically used for photocoagulation. Nanosecond pulsed or modulated CW lasers with a duty cycle anywhere from 10-100ms are often the desirable choice as they induce blood vessel clotting without permanent damage to nearby tissue.8 Collimating and cylindrical lenses are commonly used in a laser photocoagulation system to propagate and shape the beam to be focused on the retina. Laser photocoagulation can also be combined with a vitrectomy, which is a treatment that removes fluid called the vitreous that has been clouded by leaky blood vessels.7
Advanced ophthalmic technologies are in increasing demand due to changing lifestyles, aging, and population growth. There is a need for faster and more effective laser treatments that will allow ophthalmologists to treat more patients. Direct selective laser trabeculoplasty (DSLT) is a new laser treatment for glaucoma that directly delivers the laser beam without gonioscopy.9 DSLT has proven to be a more efficient treatment as it uses automated image acquisition and eye tracking algorithms to deliver the beam to the trabecular meshwork.9 Another recent advancement is small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) which is an alternative to LASIK. SMILE requires only a small incision in the cornea as opposed to the flap that LASIK requires. This significantly improves patient recovery time and comfort during surgery, making it an attractive option for correcting refractive errors.10
Edmund Optics® is committed to expanding our product selection to support advances in ophthalmic surgery technology. Edmund Optics® has in-house manufacturing of laser optics components, fully-custom design capabilities, and state-of-the-art metrology to meet customer specifications. Our extensive knowledge around laser optics makes Edmund Optics® a trusted partner for the development of ophthalmic technologies to make treatments more accessible and effective.
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